The Future of Urban Ecology 

Urbanization has reshaped landscapes and introduced environmental factors like land-use change, urban heat islands, noise, and artificial light. These factors act as filters influencing species persistence, breeding fitness, and reproduction, affecting population dynamics and eco-evolution. However, research on the interactive effects of these factors and food resources on breeding fitness is limited, leaving a fragmented understanding. To prevent further biodiversity loss, there is an urgent need for strategic conservation planning in urban areas, grounded in scientific insights into landscape patterns, species needs, and development pressures.